Chi-Chih
Ludvig Larsson
5/24/2021
library(Seurat)
library(magrittr)
library(imager)
library(EBImage)
library(STutility)
library(magrittr)
library(dplyr)
library(harmony)samples <- "../data/filtered_feature_bc_matrix.h5"
imgs <- "../data/tissue_hires_image.png"
spotfiles <- "../data/tissue_positions_list.csv"
json <- "../data/scalefactors_json.json"
infoTable <- data.frame(samples, imgs, spotfiles, json)
se <- InputFromTable(infoTable)Manual selection
Here we manually annotated the four section as “group1” - “group4”.
se <- LoadImages(se, time.resolve = FALSE)
se <- ManualAnnotation(se)First, let’s have a look at the histological image and then overlay our selections on top of it.
ImagePlot(se, method = "raster", annotate = FALSE)
FeatureOverlay(se, features = "labels")
Find “crop windows”
We can use the GetCropWindows function to extract “crop geometries” which we will be using to crop the data. Since we have four tissue sections in diofferent orientation, it is more convenient to work with the data if we can split each section into a separate dataset.
crop.geoms <- GetCropWindows(se, groups.to.keep = paste0("group", 1:4))
crop.geoms## $`1`
## geom group group.by
## "620x623+499+416" "group1" "labels"
##
## $`1`
## geom group group.by
## "551x664+1216+356" "group2" "labels"
##
## $`1`
## geom group group.by
## "621x603+509+1262" "group3" "labels"
##
## $`1`
## geom group group.by
## "551x623+1273+1202" "group4" "labels"The ´crop.geoms´ is a list where each element is named by section id (for example “1” above since all crop windows come from section 1) and contain a vector with: (1) a string which defines the width, height and offset along the x and y axes, (2) the group column name and (3) the group variable name. The latter two are required to make sure that spots are only selected from the correct group regardless if the cropped images overlap with another group.
To illustrate this, we can plot the “crop windows” on our histological image:
im <- magick::image_read(GetStaffli(se)@imgs[1]) %>% imager::magick2cimg()
corners <- apply(do.call(rbind, sapply(crop.geoms, function(x) {
strsplit(x[1], "x|\\+")
})), 2, as.numeric)
plot(im)
rect(xleft = corners[, 3], ybottom = corners[, 4], xright = corners[, 3] + corners[, 1], ytop = corners[, 4] + corners[, 2])
se.cropped <- CropImages(se, crop.geometry.list = crop.geoms, xdim = 500, time.resolve = FALSE, verbose = TRUE)Mask images
Next, we’ll mask the images. The MaskImages default masking function usually works well for HE staining, but in this case we need to resort to a different strategy. Below is an example of a custom masking function that we can use on our tissue images.
se.masked <- readRDS("../R_objects/se.masked")msk.fkn <- function(im) {
suppressWarnings({
im <- imager::grayscale(im)
im <- imager::isoblur(im, 3)
out <- imager::threshold(im)
out <- !out
out <- imager::fill(out, 5)
out <- EBImage::as.Image(out)
out <- EBImage::fillHull(out)
out <- imager::as.pixset(out)
})
return(out)
}
se.masked <- MaskImages(se.cropped, custom.msk.fkn = msk.fkn, verbose = TRUE)Align images
Next we can align the four tissue sections using the ManualAlignImages function. There are some distortions in the sections which makes it virtually impossible to achieve a good alignment using only rigid transformations. To achieve a decent alignment, we also need to strecth/compress the tissue.
se.masked <- ManualAlignImages(se.masked, fix.axes = TRUE)Here are approximate settings that were used fo the manual alignment.
settings <- data.frame(sample = c(2, 3, 4),
rotation_angle = c(-27.7, 88.8, 4.2),
shift_x = c(-9, 26, 40),
shift_y = c(69, -7, -26),
angle_blue = c(27, 0, 37.4),
stretch_blue = c(0.92, 1, 0.93),
angle_red = c(33.3, 0, 37.4),
stretch_red = c(0.87, 1, 0.87),
mirror_x = c(FALSE, FALSE, TRUE),
mirror_y = c(FALSE, FALSE, TRUE))
DT::datatable(settings)Below is the result after tissue alignment
ImagePlot(se.masked, ncols = 4, method = "raster")
QC
There are slightly higher counts in group1 and group2 which might represent a batch effect, but overall the quality metrics are high.
VlnPlot(se.masked, features = c("nFeature_RNA", "nCount_RNA"), group.by = "labels")
Analysis workflow
Below is a simple analysis workflow based on Seurat functions. For dimensionality reduction we run PCA.
- Normalization with SCTransform
- Dimensionality reduction (PCA)
- UMAP embedding
- Clustering
se.masked <- se.masked %>%
SCTransform() %>%
RunPCA() %>%
RunUMAP(reduction = "pca", dims = 1:30)se.masked <- se.masked %>%
FindNeighbors(reduction = "pca", dims = 1:30) %>%
FindClusters() %>%
RunUMAP(reduction = "pca", dims = 1:30)
se.masked$seurat_clusters_pca <- se.masked$seurat_clustersClustering
From the UMAP we can see that the sections are not well mixed, indicating that there is a batch effect present in the data. This could of course be biological, but we could try to use an integration technique to find shared structures across the sections.
p1 <- DimPlot(se.masked, group.by = "labels", reduction = "umap")
p2 <- DimPlot(se.masked, group.by = "seurat_clusters_pca", label = TRUE, label.size = 8, reduction = "umap")
p1 - p2
There are also some discrepancies in the spatial distribution of clusters in the different sections.
p1 <- ST.FeaturePlot(se.masked, features = "seurat_clusters_pca", indices = 1, split.labels = T, pt.size = 2) & theme(plot.title = element_blank(), strip.text = element_blank())
p2 <- ST.FeaturePlot(se.masked, features = "seurat_clusters_pca", indices = 2, split.labels = T, pt.size = 2) & theme(plot.title = element_blank(), strip.text = element_blank())
p3 <- ST.FeaturePlot(se.masked, features = "seurat_clusters_pca", indices = 3, split.labels = T, pt.size = 2) & theme(plot.title = element_blank(), strip.text = element_blank())
p4 <- ST.FeaturePlot(se.masked, features = "seurat_clusters_pca", indices = 4, split.labels = T, pt.size = 2) & theme(plot.title = element_blank(), strip.text = element_blank())
cowplot::plot_grid(p1, p2, p3, p4, ncol = 4)
Integrate with harmony
Next, we’ll use harmony to integrate the data from the four sections:
se.masked <- RunHarmony(se.masked, group.by.vars = "labels", reduction = "pca", dims.use = 1:30, assay.use = "SCT", verbose = FALSE) %>%
RunUMAP(reduction = "harmony", dims = 1:30, reduction.name = "umap.harmony") %>%
FindNeighbors(reduction = "harmony", dims = 1:30) %>%
FindClusters()
se.masked$seurat_clusters_harmony <- se.masked$seurat_clustersAfter integration, we can see that the four sections are more evenly mixed.
p1 <- DimPlot(se.masked, group.by = "labels", reduction = "umap.harmony")
p2 <- DimPlot(se.masked, group.by = "seurat_clusters_harmony", label = TRUE, label.size = 8, reduction = "umap.harmony")
p1 - p2
By plotting the clusters on tissue coordinates we can also see that each cluster appearin every tissue section.
p1 <- ST.FeaturePlot(se.masked, features = "seurat_clusters_harmony", indices = 1, split.labels = T, pt.size = 2) & theme(plot.title = element_blank(), strip.text = element_blank())
p2 <- ST.FeaturePlot(se.masked, features = "seurat_clusters_harmony", indices = 2, split.labels = T, pt.size = 2) & theme(plot.title = element_blank(), strip.text = element_blank())
p3 <- ST.FeaturePlot(se.masked, features = "seurat_clusters_harmony", indices = 3, split.labels = T, pt.size = 2) & theme(plot.title = element_blank(), strip.text = element_blank())
p4 <- ST.FeaturePlot(se.masked, features = "seurat_clusters_harmony", indices = 4, split.labels = T, pt.size = 2) & theme(plot.title = element_blank(), strip.text = element_blank())
cowplot::plot_grid(p1, p2, p3, p4, ncol = 4)
DE analysis
From these clsuetrs, we can extract marker genes by differential expression analysis (DEA).
de.markers <- FindAllMarkers(se.masked, only.pos = TRUE)top10 <- de.markers %>%
dplyr::filter(p_val_adj < 0.01) %>%
dplyr::group_by(cluster) %>%
dplyr::top_n(wt = -p_val_adj, n = 10)
DoHeatmap(se.masked, features = top10$gene)## Warning in DoHeatmap(se.masked, features = top10$gene): The following features
## were omitted as they were not found in the scale.data slot for the SCT assay:
## Zm00001d044529, G2-like-transcription factor 26, cyclin11, ribosomal protein
## S27, Zm00001d038374
3D stack
By runnig Create3DStack, we can create a z-stack of “2D point patterns” which we’ll use to interpolate expression values over and visualzie expression in 2D space.
se.masked <- Create3DStack(object = se.masked, limit = 0.5, maxnum = 5e3, nx = 200)3D visualization
Now that we have some marker genes we can try to visualize them in 3D
FeaturePlot3D(se.masked, features = "Zm00001d053156")If you don’t want to use the “cell scatter cloud”, you can also just visualize expression at the spot level.
FeaturePlot3D(se.masked, features = "Zm00001d053156", mode = "spots", pt.size = 4, pt.alpha = 0.7)Or do some other fancy tricks to color the sections according to similarities in gene expression for example
se.masked <- RunUMAP(se.masked, dims = 1:30, reduction = "harmony", n.components = 3, reduction.name = "umap.3d")## Warning: The default method for RunUMAP has changed from calling Python UMAP via reticulate to the R-native UWOT using the cosine metric
## To use Python UMAP via reticulate, set umap.method to 'umap-learn' and metric to 'correlation'
## This message will be shown once per session## 11:58:02 UMAP embedding parameters a = 0.9922 b = 1.112## 11:58:02 Read 1761 rows and found 30 numeric columns## 11:58:02 Using Annoy for neighbor search, n_neighbors = 30## 11:58:02 Building Annoy index with metric = cosine, n_trees = 50## 0% 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100%## [----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|## **************************************************|
## 11:58:02 Writing NN index file to temp file /var/folders/zb/1fj07x_5343fvs_k28gnm1z80002xs/T//RtmpMSspBZ/file1662b1732f1e5
## 11:58:02 Searching Annoy index using 1 thread, search_k = 3000
## 11:58:03 Annoy recall = 100%
## 11:58:04 Commencing smooth kNN distance calibration using 1 thread
## 11:58:06 Initializing from normalized Laplacian + noise
## 11:58:06 Commencing optimization for 500 epochs, with 69192 positive edges
## 11:58:09 Optimization finishedDimPlot3D(se.masked, dims = 1:3, blend = TRUE, reduction = "umap.3d", mode = "spots", pt.size = 5, pt.alpha = 1)This can of course also be done in 2D
ImagePlot(se.masked, ncols = 4, method = "raster")
ST.DimPlot(se.masked, dims = 1:3, reduction = "umap.3d", blend = TRUE, ncol = 4, pt.size = 3)
Date
date()## [1] "Mon Feb 28 11:58:14 2022"Session Info
devtools::session_info()## ─ Session info ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## setting value
## version R version 4.0.3 (2020-10-10)
## os macOS Mojave 10.14.6
## system x86_64, darwin13.4.0
## ui unknown
## language (EN)
## collate en_US.UTF-8
## ctype en_US.UTF-8
## tz Europe/Stockholm
## date 2022-02-28
##
## ─ Packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## package * version date lib
## abind 1.4-5 2016-07-21 [1]
## akima 0.6-2.1 2020-05-30 [1]
## assertthat 0.2.1 2019-03-21 [1]
## BiocGenerics 0.36.0 2020-10-27 [1]
## bitops 1.0-7 2021-04-24 [1]
## bmp 0.3 2017-09-11 [1]
## boot 1.3-27 2021-02-12 [1]
## bslib 0.2.4 2021-01-25 [1]
## cachem 1.0.4 2021-02-13 [1]
## callr 3.6.0 2021-03-28 [1]
## class 7.3-18 2021-01-24 [1]
## classInt 0.4-3 2020-04-07 [1]
## cli 3.1.1 2022-01-20 [1]
## cluster 2.1.1 2021-02-14 [1]
## coda 0.19-4 2020-09-30 [1]
## codetools 0.2-18 2020-11-04 [1]
## colorRamps 2.3 2012-10-29 [1]
## colorspace 2.0-0 2020-11-11 [1]
## cowplot 1.1.1 2020-12-30 [1]
## crayon 1.4.1 2021-02-08 [1]
## crosstalk 1.1.1 2021-01-12 [1]
## data.table 1.14.0 2021-02-21 [1]
## DBI 1.1.1 2021-01-15 [1]
## dbscan 1.1-6 2021-02-26 [1]
## deldir 1.0-6 2021-10-23 [1]
## desc 1.3.0 2021-03-05 [1]
## devtools 2.4.0 2021-04-07 [1]
## digest 0.6.27 2020-10-24 [1]
## doParallel 1.0.16 2020-10-16 [1]
## dplyr * 1.0.8 2022-02-08 [1]
## DT 0.17 2021-01-06 [1]
## e1071 1.7-6 2021-03-18 [1]
## EBImage * 4.32.0 2020-10-27 [1]
## ellipsis 0.3.2 2021-04-29 [1]
## evaluate 0.14 2019-05-28 [1]
## expm 0.999-6 2021-01-13 [1]
## fansi 0.4.2 2021-01-15 [1]
## farver 2.1.0 2021-02-28 [1]
## fastmap 1.1.0 2021-01-25 [1]
## fftwtools 0.9-11 2021-03-01 [1]
## fitdistrplus 1.1-3 2020-12-05 [1]
## foreach 1.5.1 2020-10-15 [1]
## fs 1.5.0 2020-07-31 [1]
## future 1.21.0 2020-12-10 [1]
## future.apply 1.7.0 2021-01-04 [1]
## gdata 2.18.0 2017-06-06 [1]
## gdtools 0.2.3 2021-01-06 [1]
## generics 0.1.0 2020-10-31 [1]
## ggiraph 0.7.8 2020-07-01 [1]
## ggplot2 * 3.3.5 2021-06-25 [1]
## ggrepel 0.9.1 2021-01-15 [1]
## ggridges 0.5.3 2021-01-08 [1]
## globals 0.14.0 2020-11-22 [1]
## glue 1.4.2 2020-08-27 [1]
## gmodels 2.18.1 2018-06-25 [1]
## goftest 1.2-2 2019-12-02 [1]
## gridExtra 2.3 2017-09-09 [1]
## gtable 0.3.0 2019-03-25 [1]
## gtools 3.8.2 2020-03-31 [1]
## harmony * 1.0 2021-05-11 [1]
## highr 0.8 2019-03-20 [1]
## htmltools 0.5.1.1 2021-01-22 [1]
## htmlwidgets 1.5.3 2020-12-10 [1]
## httpuv 1.5.5 2021-01-13 [1]
## httr 1.4.2 2020-07-20 [1]
## ica 1.0-2 2018-05-24 [1]
## igraph 1.2.6 2020-10-06 [1]
## imager * 0.42.8 2021-03-15 [1]
## irlba 2.3.3 2019-02-05 [1]
## iterators 1.0.13 2020-10-15 [1]
## jpeg 0.1-8.1 2019-10-24 [1]
## jquerylib 0.1.3 2020-12-17 [1]
## jsonlite 1.7.2 2020-12-09 [1]
## KernSmooth 2.23-18 2020-10-29 [1]
## knitr 1.31 2021-01-27 [1]
## labeling 0.4.2 2020-10-20 [1]
## later 1.1.0.1 2020-06-05 [1]
## lattice 0.20-41 2020-04-02 [1]
## lazyeval 0.2.2 2019-03-15 [1]
## LearnBayes 2.15.1 2018-03-18 [1]
## leiden 0.3.7 2021-01-26 [1]
## lifecycle 1.0.1 2021-09-24 [1]
## listenv 0.8.0 2019-12-05 [1]
## lmtest 0.9-38 2020-09-09 [1]
## locfit 1.5-9.4 2020-03-25 [1]
## magick 2.7.2 2021-05-02 [1]
## magrittr * 2.0.1 2020-11-17 [1]
## manipulateWidget 0.11.0 2021-05-31 [1]
## MASS 7.3-53.1 2021-02-12 [1]
## Matrix 1.3-2 2021-01-06 [1]
## matrixStats 0.58.0 2021-01-29 [1]
## memoise 2.0.0 2021-01-26 [1]
## mgcv 1.8-34 2021-02-16 [1]
## mime 0.10 2021-02-13 [1]
## miniUI 0.1.1.1 2018-05-18 [1]
## Morpho 2.8 2020-03-09 [1]
## munsell 0.5.0 2018-06-12 [1]
## nlme 3.1-152 2021-02-04 [1]
## parallelly 1.25.0 2021-04-30 [1]
## patchwork 1.1.1 2020-12-17 [1]
## pbapply 1.4-3 2020-08-18 [1]
## pillar 1.7.0 2022-02-01 [1]
## pkgbuild 1.2.0 2020-12-15 [1]
## pkgconfig 2.0.3 2019-09-22 [1]
## pkgload 1.2.1 2021-04-06 [1]
## plotly 4.9.3 2021-01-10 [1]
## plyr 1.8.6 2020-03-03 [1]
## png 0.1-7 2013-12-03 [1]
## polyclip 1.10-0 2019-03-14 [1]
## prettyunits 1.1.1 2020-01-24 [1]
## processx 3.5.1 2021-04-04 [1]
## promises 1.2.0.1 2021-02-11 [1]
## proxy 0.4-25 2021-03-05 [1]
## ps 1.6.0 2021-02-28 [1]
## purrr 0.3.4 2020-04-17 [1]
## R6 2.5.0 2020-10-28 [1]
## RANN 2.6.1 2019-01-08 [1]
## raster 3.4-10 2021-05-03 [1]
## RColorBrewer 1.1-2 2014-12-07 [1]
## Rcpp * 1.0.6 2021-01-15 [1]
## RcppAnnoy 0.0.18 2020-12-15 [1]
## RCurl 1.98-1.3 2021-03-16 [1]
## readbitmap 0.1.5 2018-06-27 [1]
## remotes 2.3.0 2021-04-01 [1]
## reshape2 1.4.4 2020-04-09 [1]
## reticulate 1.18 2020-10-25 [1]
## rgl 0.105.22 2021-03-04 [1]
## rlang 1.0.1 2022-02-03 [1]
## rmarkdown 2.7 2021-02-19 [1]
## ROCR 1.0-11 2020-05-02 [1]
## rpart 4.1-15 2019-04-12 [1]
## rprojroot 2.0.2 2020-11-15 [1]
## RSpectra 0.16-0 2019-12-01 [1]
## rstudioapi 0.13 2020-11-12 [1]
## Rtsne 0.15 2018-11-10 [1]
## Rvcg 0.19.2 2021-01-11 [1]
## sass 0.3.1 2021-01-24 [1]
## scales 1.1.1 2020-05-11 [1]
## scattermore 0.7 2020-11-24 [1]
## sctransform 0.3.2 2020-12-16 [1]
## sessioninfo 1.1.1 2018-11-05 [1]
## Seurat * 4.0.2 2021-06-21 [1]
## SeuratObject * 4.0.0 2021-01-15 [1]
## sf 0.9-8 2021-03-17 [1]
## shiny 1.6.0 2021-01-25 [1]
## shinyjs 2.0.0 2020-09-09 [1]
## sp 1.4-5 2021-01-10 [1]
## spatstat.core 2.3-0 2021-07-16 [1]
## spatstat.data 2.1-0 2021-03-21 [1]
## spatstat.geom 2.3-0 2021-10-09 [1]
## spatstat.sparse 2.0-0 2021-03-16 [1]
## spatstat.utils 2.2-0 2021-06-14 [1]
## spData 0.3.8 2020-07-03 [1]
## spdep 1.1-7 2021-04-03 [1]
## stringi 1.5.3 2020-09-09 [1]
## stringr 1.4.0 2019-02-10 [1]
## STutility * 0.1.0 2022-02-28 [1]
## survival 3.2-10 2021-03-16 [1]
## systemfonts 1.0.1 2021-02-09 [1]
## tensor 1.5 2012-05-05 [1]
## testthat 3.0.2 2021-02-14 [1]
## tibble 3.1.6 2021-11-07 [1]
## tidyr 1.2.0 2022-02-01 [1]
## tidyselect 1.1.1 2021-04-30 [1]
## tiff 0.1-8 2021-03-31 [1]
## units 0.7-1 2021-03-16 [1]
## usethis 2.0.1 2021-02-10 [1]
## utf8 1.2.1 2021-03-12 [1]
## uuid 0.1-4 2020-02-26 [1]
## uwot 0.1.10 2020-12-15 [1]
## vctrs 0.3.8 2021-04-29 [1]
## viridis 0.6.1 2021-05-11 [1]
## viridisLite 0.4.0 2021-04-13 [1]
## withr 2.4.1 2021-01-26 [1]
## xfun 0.20 2021-01-06 [1]
## xtable 1.8-4 2019-04-21 [1]
## yaml 2.2.1 2020-02-01 [1]
## zeallot 0.1.0 2018-01-28 [1]
## zoo 1.8-9 2021-03-09 [1]
## source
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## Bioconductor
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.2)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## Bioconductor
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.5)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.2)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## Github (immunogenomics/harmony@c8f4901)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.2)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.2)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## Github (lldelisle/seurat@af2925c)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.2)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## local
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.2)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.0)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
## CRAN (R 4.0.3)
##
## [1] /Users/ludviglarsson/anaconda3/envs/R4.0/lib/R/library